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	Encoding words with ISO8859 characters

Here is a list of the words in the blue index pages and purple navigation pages only which contain characters outside the 7-bit ASCII character set. Usually these are the characters which appear on the screen as accented letters. The only reason the typical visitor to this site should have to examine this list is when searching for a word on this list: there is a search engine for the index pages, but in order to search for, say, "Gödel" you must match the character string exactly as it appears in these index files. The embedding we use is the ISO8859 character set embedded with "HTML entity codes", in this case "Gödel". The purpose of this document is to show the encoding needed to search for such terms.

Note that the "Selected Topics" files on the other hand are stored in flat text, usually ASCII, so if searching those files (there is a different search tool for this task at the search page above), you may type simple ASCII strings (e.g. "Godel"); but the translation to the weaker character set is not done consistently, so e.g. you will not match the string "Goedel" in this way, even though that is jast as valid a transliteration.

Also note that names which cannot be expressed with Latin-1 letters cannot be guaranteed to display properly in HTML browsers, so we have resorted to transliterations for those names (usually Russian, some Asian names). This includes making approximations for names and words using extended-Latin character sets, e.g. we write "Erdös" even though the right fourth letter would have a double acute accent, not an umlaut, and we write "Lukasiewicz" even though the first letter should have a slash through it.

For your convenience, we first list all the names and words used in the index pages at this site which contain these "entity codes"; following that we give a complete list of all the ISO characters and their encodings.

If your browser enables you to capture text from the screen and paste it into a dialogue box, you may want to do so to copy the characters from the last column into the search-page entry form, if you wish to search the index pages at this site for any of the character strings shown below.

Ampere	Ampère	Ampère
Andras	András	András
Andre	André	André
Arzela	Arzelà	Arzelà
Asterisque	Astérisque	Astérisque
Bezier	Bézier	Bézier
Birkhauser	Birkhäuser	Birkhäuser
Bruske	Brüske	Brüske
Caratheodory	Carathéodory	Carathéodory
Cesaro	Cesàro	Cesàro
Chvatal	Chvátal	Chvátal
Dieudonne	Dieudonné	Dieudonné
Drinfeld	Drinfel´d	Drinfel´d
Elie	Élie	Élie
Erdos	Erdös	Erdös
Erne	Erné	Erné
Evariste	Évariste	Évariste
Faa	Faà	Faà
Fejer	Fejér	Fejér
Fornaess	Fornæss	Fornæss
Francois	François	François
Frechet	Fréchet	Fréchet
Frederic	Frédéric	Frédéric
Garding	Gårding	Gårding
Gateaux	Gâteaux	Gâteaux
Gerald	Gérald	Gérald
Godel	Gödel	Gödel
Gunter	Günter	Günter
Gunther	Günther	Günther
Geneve	Genève	Genève
Gouvea	Gouvêa	Gouvêa
Gratzer	Grätzer	Grätzer
Grobner	Gröbner	Gröbner
Grotschel	Grötschel	Grötschel
Grunbaum	Grünbaum	Grünbaum
Haim	Haïm	Haïm
Holder	Hölder	Hölder
Janich	Jänich	Jänich
Jorgens	Jörgens	Jörgens
Jiri	Jirí	Jirí
Kahler	Kähler	Kähler
Kahlerian	Kählerian	Kählerian
Kohnen	Köhnen	Köhnen
Koningsberg	Köningsberg	Köningsberg
Kozl	Közl	Közl
Krotenheerdt	Krötenheerdt	Krötenheerdt
Lame	Lamé	Lamé
Lanczos	Lánczos	Lánczos
Laszlo	László	László
Lob	Löb	Löb
Lowenheim	Löwenheim	Löwenheim
Lowner	Löwner	Löwner
Lucke	Lücke	Lücke
Lutkepohl	Lütkepohl	Lütkepohl
Lame	Lamé	Lamé
Loeve	Loève	Loève
Loubere	Loubère	Loubère
Lovasz	Lovász	Lovász
Mobius	Möbius	Möbius
Mikhalev	Mikhalëv	Mikhalëv
Montreal	Montréal	Montréal
Pankratev	Pankrat´ev	Pankrat´ev
Perjes	Perjés	Perjés
Poincare	Poincaré	Poincaré
Prufer	Prüfer	Prüfer
Ptolemee	Ptolémée	Ptolémée
Remi	Rémi	Rémi
Rene	René	René
Ruckl	Rückl	Rückl
Sarkozy	Sárközy	Sárközy
Sannas	Sannäs	Sannäs
Schon	Schön	Schön
Schonemann	Schönemann	Schönemann
Schonflies	Schönflies	Schönflies
Schrodinger	Schrödinger	Schrödinger
Shokichi	Shôkichi	Shôkichi
Shnirelman	Shnirel´man	Shnirel´man
Stefane	Stéfane	Stéfane
Stensones	Stensønes	Stensønes
Szasz	Szász	Sz&aaucte;sz
Szego	Szegö	Szegö
Teichmuller	Teichmüller	Teichmüller
Toth	Tóth	Tóth
Tubingen	Tübingen	Tübingen
Turan	Turán	Turán
Viete	Viète	Viète
Wurzburg	Würzburg	Würzburg
Zoltan	Zoltán	Zoltán
academie	académie	académie
adeles	adèles	adèles
algebre	algèbre	algèbre
algebres	algèbres	algèbres
appliquees	appliquées	appliquées
apres	après	après
arithmetiques	arithmétiques	arithmétiques
asterisque	astérisque	astérisque
beitrage	beiträge	beiträge
degre	degré	degré
differentielles	différentielles	différentielles
ecole	école	école
elementaire	élémentaire	élémentaire
equation	équation	équation
fuhrer	führer	führer
fur	für	für
francais	français	français
geometries	géométries	géométries
handworterbuch	handwörterbuch	handwörterbuch
ideles	idèles	idèles
journees	journées	journées
lehrbucher	lehrbücher	lehrbücher
lineaire	linéaire	linéaire
mecanique	mécanique	mécanique
mathematique	mathématique	mathématique
mathematiques	mathématiques	mathématiques
multilineaire	multilinéaire	multilinéaire
numerique	numérique	numérique
operationnelle	opérationnelle	opérationnelle
ordonnees	ordonnées	ordonnées
progres	progrès	progrès
raume	räume	räume
recents	récents	récents
reelle	réelle	réelle
resolution	résolution	résolution
seminaire	séminaire	séminaire
ser	sér	sér
sesquilineaires	sesquilinéaires	sesquilinéaires
superieure	supérieure	supérieure
theorie	théorie	théorie
theories	théories	théories
uber	über	über
ubungsbuch	übungsbuch	übungsbuch
universita	università	università
universite	université	université
varietes	variétés	variétés

HTML 1.0 assumes a character set for transmission to be ISO8859 (Latin-1). This includes 256 characters; the first 128 coincide with ASCII 7-bit. The others may be represented in several ways. Here we list, for each character,

1. its ordinal number in decimal
2. the same number, in octal (e.g. the Unix command to change "¡" to "!" would be "cat filename | tr \241 \041"
3. the same number, in hexadecimal (e.g. an extended URL might include the string "%A1" to transmit the character "¡"; a MIME encoding would be "=A1")
4. a single 8-bit character (as stored in European documents, say)
5. the HTML "entity name" for the character (e.g. we enter the ASCII string "¡" into the HTML files at this site to render a "¡")
6. the rendering of that HTML entity (if your browser is HTML 1.0 compliant, this should be e.g. an inverted exclamation mark. For most browsers, this will appear identical to the character two columns earlier.)

In these pages we use none of the non-printing characters (&#001 or ctrl-A, etc.) except line-feeds (&#010; or ctrl-J) and spaces (&#032;) -- in particular we do not use tabs (&#009; or ctrl-I) or carriage-returns (&#013; or ctrl-M). Since the ampersand (&), less-than (<), and greater-than (>) characters have special meaning in HTML files, we encode them using entity names, too: "&amp;", "&lt;", and "&gt;", respectively. Finally, we avoid dollar-signs "$" to avoid a possible conflict with TeX encodings; when the symbol is needed, we use the decimal HTML code "&#036" since for some reason the entity code "&dollar;" is not recognized here.

The printing ASCII characters are those with (decimal) ordinals 33 "!" to 126 "~". Character numbers 127 through 159 are unassigned (but see below); the rest of the HTML 1.0 character set is as follows:

.decimal.	..octal..	hexadecimal	..8-bit..	.entity.	rendered
160	240	A0	�	 
161	241	A1	�	¡	¡
162	242	A2	�	¢	¢
163	243	A3	�	£	£
164	244	A4	�	¤	¤
165	245	A5	�	¥	¥
166	246	A6	�	¦	¦
167	247	A7	�	§	§
168	250	A8	�	¨	¨
169	251	A9	�	©	©
170	252	AA	�	ª	ª
171	253	AB	�	«	«
172	254	AC	�	¬	¬
173	255	AD	�	­	­
174	256	AE	�	®	®
175	257	AF	�	¯	¯
176	260	B0	�	°	°
177	261	B1	�	±	±
178	262	B2	�	²	²
179	263	B3	�	³	³
180	264	B4	�	´	´
181	265	B5	�	µ	µ
182	266	B6	�	¶	¶
183	267	B7	�	·	·
184	270	B8	�	¸	¸
185	271	B9	�	¹	¹
186	272	BA	�	º	º
187	273	BB	�	»	»
188	274	BC	�	¼	¼
189	275	BD	�	½	½
190	276	BE	�	¾	¾
191	277	BF	�	¿	¿
192	300	C0	�	À	À
193	301	C1	�	Á	Á
194	302	C2	�	Â	Â
195	303	C3	�	Ã	Ã
196	304	C4	�	Ä	Ä
197	305	C5	�	Å	Å
198	306	C6	�	Æ	Æ
199	307	C7	�	Ç	Ç
200	310	C8	�	È	È
201	311	C9	�	É	É
202	312	CA	�	Ê	Ê
203	313	CB	�	Ë	Ë
204	314	CC	�	Ì	Ì
205	315	CD	�	Í	Í
206	316	CE	�	Î	Î
207	317	CF	�	Ï	Ï
208	320	D0	�	Ð	Ð
209	321	D1	�	Ñ	Ñ
210	322	D2	�	Ò	Ò
211	323	D3	�	Ó	Ó
212	324	D4	�	Ô	Ô
213	325	D5	�	Õ	Õ
214	326	D6	�	Ö	Ö
215	327	D7	�	×	×
216	330	D8	�	Ø	Ø
217	331	D9	�	Ù	Ù
218	332	DA	�	Ú	Ú
219	333	DB	�	Û	Û
220	334	DC	�	Ü	Ü
221	335	DD	�	Ý	Ý
222	336	DE	�	Þ	Þ
223	337	DF	�	ß	ß
224	340	E0	�	à	à
225	341	E1	�	á	á
226	342	E2	�	â	â
227	343	E3	�	ã	ã
228	344	E4	�	ä	ä
229	345	E5	�	å	å
230	346	E6	�	æ	æ
231	347	E7	�	ç	ç
232	350	E8	�	è	è
233	351	E9	�	é	é
234	352	EA	�	ê	ê
235	353	EB	�	ë	ë
236	354	EC	�	ì	ì
237	355	ED	�	í	í
238	356	EE	�	î	î
239	357	EF	�	ï	ï
240	360	F0	�	ð	ð
241	361	F1	�	ñ	ñ
242	362	F2	�	ò	ò
243	363	F3	�	ó	ó
244	364	F4	�	ô	ô
245	365	F5	�	õ	õ
246	366	F6	�	ö	ö
247	367	F7	�	÷	÷
248	370	F8	�	ø	ø
249	371	F9	�	ù	ù
250	372	FA	�	ú	ú
251	373	FB	�	û	û
252	374	FC	�	ü	ü
253	375	FD	�	ý	ý
254	376	FE	�	þ	þ
255	377	FF	�	ÿ	ÿ

Although HTML1.0 does not specify a character to be rendered for decimal codes 127-159, a few of those codes are treated consistently by a number of recent browsers; they are shown below. (This is primarily a Microsoft convention.) Please note that since these characters are neither specified by standard nor universally recognized by browsers, they are not used in these documents. They are simply listed below for your experimentation! (the last column is rendered with e.g. "&#128;", etc., since entity codes are not available.)

.decimal.	..octal..	hexadecimal	..8-bit..	.entity.	rendered
128	200	80	�	[none]	€
129	201	81	�	[none]	
130	202	82	�	[']	‚
131	203	83	�	[none]	ƒ
132	204	84	�	["]	„
133	205	85	�	[...]	…
134	206	86	�	[/-]	†
135	207	87	�	[/=]	‡
136	210	88	�	[none]	ˆ
137	211	89	�	[0/00]	‰
138	212	8A	�	[none]	Š
139	213	8B	�	[<]	‹
140	214	8C	�	[none]	Œ
141	215	8D	�	[none]	
142	216	8E	�	[none]	Ž
143	217	8F	�	[none]	
144	220	90	�	[none]	
145	221	91	�	[`]	‘
146	222	92	�	[']	’
147	223	93	�	["]	“
148	224	94	�	["]	”
149	225	95	�	[o]	•
150	226	96	�	[-]	–
151	227	97	�	[-]	—
152	230	98	�	[~]	˜
153	231	99	�	[(TM), ™ ™]	™
154	232	9A	�	[none]	š
155	233	9B	�	[>]	›
156	234	9C	�	[none]	œ
157	235	9D	�	[none]	
158	236	9E	�	[none]	ž
159	237	9F	�	[none]	Ÿ

HTML 1.0 uses the ISO8859 character set as the medium of data exchange. For background information on this decision see (http://www.uni-passau.de/~ramsch/iso8859-1.html). For more information visit htmlgoodies.com and search under "character set" You can view other tables of ISO characters by decimal number (http://ucs.orst.edu/~ramsperg/framed_iso.html) or entity name (http://www.htmlgoodies.com/tutors/&command.html)

HTML 4.0 will use the Universal Character Set (UCS) as its character set; UCS is a character-by-character equivalent to Unicode 2.0. Unfortunately, most browsers are not yet ready to display these characters. For more information and a few of the "next generation" characters, see
http://www.natural-innovations.com/boo/doc-charset.html
To really whet your appetite for the symbols which will be available for web documents once this standard is widely accepted, look at the Unicode charts at http://charts.unicode.org/charts.html.