The Head Stock - Most Head Stocks hold 6 Tuning Pegs.
aka The Peg Head

Tuning pegs - Just what they're called.

The Neck - Comes in two common wood types: Rosewood (dark) or Maple (light).
The guitar neck can be Bolt-On or machined as part of the guitar body (Neck-Thru)

The Nut - The small insert at the top of the neck with 6 grooves.
Typically made of plastic, ebony, graphite or metal alloy.

Finger Board - The board face on the neck

Fret wires - the wires installed in the finger board.

Frets - the space between the fret wires where you actually place your fingers.
Electric guitars commonly have 21, 22 or 24 frets, more for custom builds.

The Heel - where the neck mounts to the body.

Body - the biggest part of the guitar (usually).  Commonly Maple, Mahogany or Ash.

Pick Guard - inlay or overlay on the surface to protect the finish.

Bridge is at the bottom and anchors the strings

Saddle is the groove / holder for one string at the bridge.